SEMINAR I

 Nelson Aldana and William Murga want to give you a warm welcome to our blog. In this blog,  You are going to increase your knowledge by learning the concept, characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of different research methods and techniques. 

PROJECTIVE RESEARCH

PROJECTIVE RESEARCH

       Projective techniques allow respondents to project their subjective or true opinions and beliefs onto other people or even objects. The respondent's real feelings are then inferred from what s/he says about others. Projective techniques are normally u

Advantages Of Projective Techniques

Psychologists can research subconscious and unconscious systems that can help them comprehend more personal or sensitive problems when people can express themselves more freely by responding to ambiguous stimuli.sed during individual or small group interviews.

What is an example of a projective technique used in research?

This is a technique that involves providing the respondent with a word or phrase and asking them to share the first word that comes to their mind. For example, a researcher could share a list of brands with a group of respondents and each respondent is asked to share the first word that comes to mind.

The main strength of projective tests is that: they provide good conversation points that can be helpful in psychotherapy. 

ACTION RESEARCH

 ACTION RESEARCH

Action research: is a research method that aims to simultaneously investigate and solve an issue. In other words, as its name suggests, action research conducts research and takes action at the same time. It was first coined as a term in 1944 by MIT professor Kurt Lewin.

Action research is characterized by clear stages, which include:

• A consideration of action (reflection and reconnaissance);
• Implementation of action for improvement to individual practice;
• The use of data collection on the action;
• A review of the action through consideration of data;
• The identification of further opportunities for improving intervention.

Advantages

• Action research is highly adaptable, allowing researchers to mold their analysis to their individual needs and implement practical individual-level changes.
• Action research provides an immediate and actionable path forward for solving entrenched issues, rather than suggesting complicated, longer-term solutions rooted in complex data.
• Done correctly, action research can be very empowering, informing social change and allowing participants to effect that change in ways meaningful to their communities.

Disadvantages

• Due to their flexibility, action research studies are plagued by very limited generalizability and are very difficult to replicate. They are often not considered theoretically rigorous due to the power the researcher holds in drawing conclusions.
• Action research can be complicated to structure in an ethical manner. Participants may feel pressured to participate or to participate in a certain way.
• Action research is at high risk for research biases such as selection bias, social desirability bias, or other types of cognitive biases.

 SURVEYS IN RESEARCH.

A survey is defined as the process of conducting research using them by researchers. Surveys can be conducted through online polls, paper-pencil questionnaires, web-intercept surveys, etc.

The most important and comprehensive reason for conducting market research using surveys is that you can collect answers to specific and essential questions. You can ask these questions in multiple formats depending on your audience and the purpose of the survey. Before designing a study, every organization must determine the goal of its implementation so that the study can be perfectly structured, planned and carried out.

Questions that require to get on your mind whereas coming up with a survey are:

What's the first aim of conducting the survey?

However, does one attempt to utilize the collected survey data?

What sort of selections you intend to require supported the points mentioned above.

Document review

 

 DOCUMENT REVIEW IN RESEARCH.

Document review is a growing field of employment for attorneys, especially given the challenging job market in many parts of the country. Below, a law school graduate details the pros and cons of a document review position.

For those unfamiliar with the position, document reviewers examine documents involved in pending litigation or investigations. These documents can take the form of emails, memos, spreadsheets, or virtually anything that contains information relevant to a case. Classifying this type of information is typically done electronically, and allows law firms to efficiently hand over information owed to opposing parties. Document reviewers are support staff, and typically work for companies that contract with law firms to provide document review services. In this post, someone who currently works for a document review company discusses the pros and cons of a document review job.

 

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH.

Keith Punch defined Qualitative research as ''empirical research where data are not in the form of numbers''. Empirical means that data or research is based on something that is experienced or observed as opposed to being based on theory. Data could be in the form of videos, images, or artefacts. (1)

There are several definitions for quaitative research.

- Qualitative research helps gain an understanding of underlying reasons.

- It is defined as market method.

Qualitative research is based on the disciplines as social sciences, psycology,etc. The results of qualitative methods are more descriptive and the inferences can be drawn quite easily from the data that is obtained. Also , this type of research can be combined with a quantitative research: therefore the data can be similar to quiantitative data, qualitative data consists on interviews, questionnaires with open questions in order to get more specific information.

Advantages vs disadvantages.

 Advantages.

- It is focus upon the subjective, cultural aspects of organizations.

- Answers "why" questions.

- Qualitative research provides a much more fexible approch.

Disadvantages.

- Questions can be answer with false information.

- Answers can be interpreted in different aspects.

- People prefer not to answer because they feel afraid of sharing their opinions.

Main characteristics in qualitative research.

1. Real-world Settings. 
2. Researchers play an important role, it can be work as a group or by one person.
3. Complex reasoning.
4. Importance given to the participants opinion.
5. Fexibility.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

 Experimental Research

 

What Is Experimental Research Design?

Experimental research design is a framework of protocols and procedures created to conduct experimental research with a scientific approach using two sets of variables. Herein, the first set of variables acts as a constant, used to measure the differences of the second set. The best example of experimental research methods is quantitative research.

Experimental research helps a researcher gather the necessary data for making better research decisions and determining the facts of a research study.

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

1. Provides unbiased estimates of the factor effects and associated uncertainties
2. Enables the experimenter to detect important differences
3. Includes the plan for analysis and reporting of the results
4. Gives results that are easy to interpret
5. Permits conclusions that have wide validity
6. Shows the direction of better results
7. Is as simple as possible

Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental Research: 

ADVANTAGES:

1. Researchers have firm control over variables to obtain results.
2. The subject does not impact the effectiveness of experimental research. Anyone can implement it for research purposes.
3. The results are specific.
4. Post-results analysis, research findings from the same dataset can be repurposed for similar research ideas.

                                                 DISADVANTAGES:

1. It is highly prone to human error.
2. Exerting control over extraneous variables may lead to the personal bias of the researcher.
3. It is time-consuming.
4. It is expensive
5. Manipulating control variables may have ethical implications.
6. It produces artificial results.

Quasi-experimental

 

Quasi-experimental

 Quasi-experimental research

A quasi-experimental layout is one that appears a chunk like an experimental layout however lacks the important thing ingredient – random assignment. Don Campbell noted cited them as “queasy” experiments due to the fact they provide the experimental purists a queasy feeling. With appreciation to inner validity, they regularly look like not so good as randomized experiments. But there's something compelling approximately those designs; taken as a group, they're without difficulty extra often carried out than their randomized cousins.

Advantages and disadvantages

Quasi-experimental designs have various pros and cons compared to other types of studies.

Advantages 

• -Higher external validity than most true experiments, because they often involve real-world interventions instead of artificial laboratory settings.
• -Higher internal validity than other non-experimental types of research, because they allow you to better control for confounding variables than other types of studies do.

disadvantages

• -Lower internal validity than true experiments—without randomization, it can be difficult to verify that all confounding variables have been accounted for.
• -The use of retrospective data that has already been collected for other purposes can be inaccurate, incomplete or difficult to access.

HISRTORICAL RESEARCH

HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Historical Research: Historical research is a qualitative technique. It explains the meaning of past events in an attempt to interpret the facts and the cause of events, and their effect in present events.

Historical studies are a manner of gathering and decoding records approximately beyond occasions or thoughts so one can locate how they affected the prevailing occasions and thoughts.  It researches viable motives in the back of positive occasions to give an explanation for their impact on the occasions that followed. Historical studies might not simply assist to parent out connections among beyond and gift occasions, it is able to additionally offer the researchers facts concerning viable destiny occasions.  In his book “Historical Research: A Guide” (2002), W.H.McDowell defines ancient studies as:

“Historical studies represent a scientific inquiry into the beyond and try to separate genuine from fictionalized money owed of ancient occasions, primarily based totally upon the exam of a huge variety of applicable supply material.  This is a vital undertaking due to the fact records are the supply of lots of our thoughts, ideals, and customs. Higher information of the beyond locations us in a greater positive function to understand extra withinside the gift and to attempt to analyze from beyond mistakes.”

Advantages and boundaries of historic studies

Even though, historic studies has some of boundaries, it comes with advantages that different varieties of studies can not replicate.

Advantages

- No different approach offers us the possibility to discover insights approximately beyond activities.

- Identifying key factors beyond bad activities can play a vast function in stopping sure comparable circumstances. In different words, it could educate a records lesson.

- It can bring about an essential discovery on a worldwide scale.

- A researcher isn't concerned with the occasion.

Limitations

- Sources might not be dependable and might constitute deceptive information approximately the activities.

- Not all beyond activities may be studied due to the dearth of proof and supply materials. It receives greater tough to have studied if the activities are from a greater remote beyond.

- Finding a motive for sure activities does now no longer imply that the identical motive can result in comparable activities. Because it can be befallen in a very specific condition withinside the beyond.

- The studies can also additionally be ultimate longer, relying on the historic occasion and statistics availability.

- May require travels among numerous destinations.

- A researcher does now no longer have to manage the result.

 CHECKLIST 

CHECKLIST: Is used to encourage or verify that a number of specific. this segment has to describe the information and glide of examination from the beginning to the end. This type of checklist has to be significant sufficient in an effort to run the examination again in case you choose.

Main uses of checklist: When gathering data for pattern detection.

When converting raw data into more useful information.

For data collection on the frequency of an event, problem, defect, or other similar measure.

Characteristics of checklist: 

1.  All items that need to be included should be included. (Obviously, the value of any checklist is negated if it doesn’t include all the necessary items for the successful accomplishment of a process.)

2. No items should be included if they don’t need to be checked. (Unnecessary items create confusion about what needs to be checked and what doesn’t.)

3. Items should be listed in a logical order, so they can easily be found. (For example, listing items on a grocery list by store section keeps you from backtracking.)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A CHECKLIST:

Advantages

Allows you to determine the specific frequency of certain events or tasks.

Collected data can be displayed in many familiar formats, such as a bar chart.

Easy to use, simple to create.

Disadvantages

Checklist forms are usually specific to a particular situation.

QUESTIONNAIRE

QUESTIONNAIRE

Questionnaire: A questionnaire is a research instrument used in different research methods. It consists of a set of questions or other types of prompts whose objective is to collect information from a respondent. Is important to have clear that the data gathered from a questionnaire it can be qualitative and quantitative.

Characteristics of a questionnaire

 The following are the characteristics that remain constant irrespective of the type of questions you ask in your questionnaire.

1. Sequence of questions

A proper series of questions should be followed to increase the rate of response to the questions.

2. Uniformity

The uniformity of questions is essential to keep respondents involved in the questionnaire until the end.

3. Exploratory

Exploratory characteristics of the questionnaire help you in collecting qualitative data. 

4. Easy to understand

A good survey is easy to understand. It should be designed in such a way that everyone can read and understand the questions irrespective of their education level. 

Advantages of Questionnaires

Some of the many benefits of using questionnaires as a research tool include:

• Practicality: Questionnaires enable researchers to strategically manage their target audience, questions, and format while gathering large data quantities on any subject.
• Cost-efficiency:You don’t need to hire surveyors to deliver your survey questions.
• Speed: You can gather survey results quickly and effortlessly using mobile tools, obtaining responses and insights in 24 hours or less.
• Comparability: Researchers can use the same questionnaire yearly and compare and contrast research results to gain valuable insights and minimize translation errors.
• Scalability: Questionnaires are highly scalable, allowing researchers to distribute them to demographics anywhere across the globe.

Questionnaires also have their disadvantages, such as:

• Answer dishonesty: Respondents may not always be completely truthful with their answers.
• Question skipping: Make sure to require answers for all your survey questions. Otherwise, you may run the risk of respondents leaving questions unanswered.
• Interpretation difficulties: If a question isn’t straightforward enough, respondents may struggle to interpret it accurately. 
• Survey fatigue: Respondents may experience survey fatigue if they receive too many surveys or a questionnaire is too long.
• Analysis challenges: Though closed questions are easy to analyze, open questions require a human to review and interpret them. 
• Unconscientious responses: If respondents don’t read your questions thoroughly or completely, they may offer inaccurate answers that can impact data validity. 

TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH

TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH.

TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Educational Technology is the field of study that investigates the process of analyzing, designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating the instructional environment, learning materials, learners, and the learning process in order to improve teaching and learning.

Main uses:

This qualitative study compared the availability of, access to, and use of new technologies in a group of low– and high–socioeconomic status (SES) California high schools. Although student-computer ratios in the schools were similar, the social contexts of computer use differed, with low-SES schools affected by uneven human support networks, irregular home access to computers by students, and pressure to raise school test scores while addressing the needs of large numbers of English learners. These differences were expressed within three main patterns of technology access and use, labeled performativity, workability, and complexity, each of which shaped schools’ efforts to deploy new technologies for academic preparation.

Advantages and disadvantages :
The research revealed that students use information technology effectively Over 80% of students use the Internet and benefit from its many advantages, especially in getting new information and communicating with people. On the other hand, information technology hurts concentration in class and consumes a significant amount of time.

Attewell, P.,& Battle, J. (1999). Home computers and school performance. Information Society, 15(1), 1-10.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0895904804266469?journalCode=epxa

MIXED METHODS RESEARCH

 Mixed Methods Research

Mixed Methods Research: Mixed strategy analysis may be a research style where investigators collect and analyze quantitative and qualitative information at intervals in one study to answer their research question.

this kind of research will facilitate and offer a lot of complete images than a study that depends only on qualitative or quantitative research. this is often a result of it permits the researchers to achieve a depth and breadth of understanding on a particular conception whereas counteractive the weaknesses that are inherent once exploitation either approach alone   

Characteristics of Mixed Research Method:

   Understanding the characteristics of mixed research methods and style research needs understanding some elementary research approaches overall. mixed research method and design research each developed out of the desire for an explicit research approach that a lot of fundamental research methodologies failed to address. the characteristics of those research approaches related to the kind of research that everyone has possible applications.

1. Qualitative and quantitative methods analysis are equal.

2. Both have a mix of open and close-ended data in response to research questions.

3. Persuasive and rigorous procedures for both methods.

MAIN USES OF THE MIXED RESEARCH METHOD:

1. When the mixing of quantitative information will offer a more robust understanding of the research downside than a standalone approach.

2. Once a probeer desires to look at a research question from several views to spot sudden findings and potential contradictions. 3. Once one technique may be accustomed effectively substantiate the findings of another method.

Advantages of the Mixed research method:

• combining quantitative and qualitative approaches can balance out the limitations of each method
• it can provide stronger evidence and more confidence in your findings
• it can give you more granular results than each individual method

Disadvantages of the Mixed research method:

• it can be more complex to carry out
• it may require more expertise to collect and analyze data, and to interpret the results, than using one method would
• combining different methods requires extra resources, such as time and money

Quantitative Research

 Quantitative Research.

 Quantitative research is defined as a systematic investigation, which means that it is based on numerical results. Quantitative research is a dominant research framework in the social sciences. It is made by a set of strategies, techniques, and, assumptions based on social,  psychological, and economic processes throughout the exploration of numerical patterns. In other words, it gathers a range of numeric data.

Quantitative research 

    characteristics. 

There are some distinguishing characteristics:

1. Structure tools: They are surveys, polls, and questionnaires. those are used to gather quantitative data.
2.  Generalization of results and quantitative data: The result of data in this research are generalized to an entire population. Data usually is presented by charts, tablets, etc. Which makes it easier to understand the data that has been collected.
3. Prior studies: Different factors related to the research topic can be studied before collecting the data.
4.  Last but not least, closed-ended questions: Closed-ended questions are prepared according to the objectives.

The main use of Quantitative Research:

Quantitative research is helpful when you collect data from a large group of diverse respondents. It is also a good method to use when your audience is more receptive to results in the form of facts, graphs, charts, and statistics. Furthermore, Researchers typically use quantitative data when the objective of their study is to assess a problem or answer the “what” or “how many” of a research question. In essence, the goal of quantitative research studies is to understand the relationship in a population between an independent variable and one or more dependent variables.      

Advantages and disadvantages of Quantitative research:

                                               

The Advantages:

• You get your hands on a larger sample: With a quantitative survey, a much broader study can be done – one which involves more people. Naturally, you’ll be able to more accurately generalize your results across an even wider group of people.
• You get objectivity and accuracy:  The data you’re collecting is often ‘close-ended’, which means people are choosing clear-cut multiple choice answers, 
• It’s faster and easier: With quantitative data collection, you can step into the world of automation. These can conduct thousands of interviews at the same time across multiple countries.
• You can save money: Because they’re quick to run, quantitative methods are famously cost-effective. 

The Disadvantages:

• You’re faced with limitations: A quantitative method needs to have pre-set answers, and sometimes, how a participant thinks, feels, or behaves might not be featured in the list. Their true answer is masked by your lack of options, and it might push them to pick one that doesn’t really reflect how they feel.